alternative words: Kabul city, Kabol, City of Kabul
keywords:
town
related topics:
Afghanistan
related web sites:
http://www.geocities.com/afghanistan_ca/Kabul.html
explanation: Capital of Afghanistan, located in east of the country, on the southern skirt of Hindukush mountains and along Kabul river. It occupies a strategic place on the road, which links central Asia and India: Khyber pass is just nearby. Kabul got a prominence in 1504 when it became the capital of Mugal empire founded by Babur. The main activities were leather, furniture and glassware but Kabul was devastated during a civil war following Soviet withdrawal in 1989. The total population is 1,400,000.
alternative words: Kandahar city, Qandahar
keywords:
town
related topics:
Taliban
,
Muhammad Omar
related web sites:
http://www.geocities.com/afghanistan_ca/Kandahar.html
explanation: Capital of Kandahar province in south of Afghanistan, located on a fertile valley of 1000m high which produces fruits, grain, tobacco and cotton. It was the capital of Durani dynasty founded by Ahmad Shah in 1747. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989 and a chaotic civil war period, which followed, Taliban (religious students) led by Omar have conquered nearly all Afghanistan, stating from Kandahar. The total population is 223,000. It is de facto capital of Afghanistan.
alternative words: Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu Kashmir province
keywords:
pakistan
,
state
related topics:
Al Qaeda
related web sites:
http://www.kashmir-information.com
explanation: Located in the northern India subcontinent, Kashimir has been the main cause of conflict between India and Pakistan since the partition of British India in 1947: Hindu ruler wished Kashmir attached to India while the inhabitants, mot of them Muslims, preferred Pakistan. Since then India and Pakistan entered 2 times large border clashes (1965 and 1971) and Kashmir remained divided. The surface is 220,000 km2 and the population 10 millions. Pakistan is now accused to let Al Qaeda operate there.
alternative words: Khyber
keywords:
locality
related topics:
Jalalabad
,
Peshawar
,
Alexander the great
related web sites:
http://www.afghan-network.net/khyber.html
,
http://www.afghan-network.net/Culture/anglo-afghan.html
explanation: Located between Jalalabad in Afghanistan and Peshawar in Pakistan, Kyber pass was used by many conquerors such as Alexander the great, Genghis Khan and Tamerlane to invade India from the central Asia. In 1842, 16,000 British and Indian troops were massacred by Afghans. The highest point is 920m at the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The highway as well as railroad was opened in 1920. Becoming a passage of drug and arm traffics during Afghan war, Khyber pass is temporarily closed.
alternative words: Zahir shah, Mohammad Zahir Shah, Zahir, Zaher
keywords:
famous person
,
king
,
statesman
related topics:
Muhammad Daoud
,
Kabul
,
Durrani dynasty
related web sites:
http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/today/zahirshah.html
,
http://www.afghanan.net/afghanistan/sites/modern.htm
explanation: Born in 1914 as s son of Afghan king, Nadir shah and received an education at Kabul and in France. After an assassination of his father in 1933, Zahir succeeded him at the age 19. With his cousin, Muhammad Daoud as prim minister, he has modernized Afghanistan by infrastructure development and women's emancipation. He promulgated a constitution in 1964, which introduced the free election. During his trip in Europe in 1973, he was forced to abdicate by Daoud. Since then he lives in Italy.
alternative words: Loyajirga
keywords:
king
,
organization
related topics:
Pashtun
,
Taliban
related web sites:
http://www.loyajirga.com
explanation: Literally "grand assembly", Loya Jirga originated from an institution of Pashtun tribe: tribal chiefs and religious authorities had been convened for an important decision such as election of king or war declaration. After an eviction of king Amanullah Khan, it was Loya Jirga that designated Mohammad Nadir as successor. In modern Afghanistan, Loya Jirga had been also convened for recognition of new constitutions and regimes. It is now convened to designate a successor of Taliban regime.
alternative words: Mazar e Sharif, Mazar
keywords:
town
related topics:
Abdul Rashid Dostam
,
Afghanistan
,
Balkh
related web sites:
http://www.geocities.com/afghanistan_ca/Mazar.html
explanation: Capital of Balkh province in northern Afghanistan and its second largest city. A legend says that the caliph Ali, the son in law of Muhammad would be earthed at the place where blue mosque was built. The climate is semi-arid. Mazar was a prosperous city during the reign of Dostam but when the town fell to Taliban in 1998, several thousands civilians, especially Iranian speaking Hazaras would be massacred in revenge of Taliban massacred in 1997. The population is 130,000.
alternative words: Muhammad Daud, Daoud, Daud, Mohammad Daoud, Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan
keywords:
famous person
,
statesman
related topics:
Saur revolution
,
King Zahir
related web sites:
http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/daoud.html
explanation: Born in 1909 in a royal family of Kabul. He served King Zahir as interior minister then as prim minister from 1953 to 1963 to pursuit a modernization of Afganistan such as suppression of women's veil but irritated Pakistan on border issue. In 1973, he staged a putsch and deposed his cousin Zahir shah from the throne. As president of republic, he introduced many communists into his cabinet but he and members of his family were assassinated by Saur uprising led by pro communist militaries in 1978.
alternative words: Taraki, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Noor Mohammad Taraki
keywords:
communism
,
famous person
,
statesman
related topics:
Babrak Karmal
,
Hafizollah Amin
,
PDPA
,
Saur revolution
related web sites:
http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm
,
http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/taraki.html
explanation: Born in 1917 in Ghazni province of eastern Afghanistan. Thanks to his good English knowledge, he worked as clerk in different ministries and correspondent in foreign newspapers. As founder member of PDPA, he was elected secretary general in 1965 and began to publish a party organ, Khalq. After Saur revolt of 1978, he became the president of revolutionary council and purged Parcham faction led by Karmal. He was secretly executed in 1979 by Amin after having lost a power struggle.
alternative words: Mujahiddin, Mujaheddin, Mujahidin, Mojahideen, Mujahedeen, Mujahid
keywords:
islam
,
organization
related topics:
Soviet invasion
,
Taliban
,
Burhanuddin Rabbani
,
Ahmad Shah Masoud
,
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
,
Abdul Rashid Dostam
explanation: Mujahideen means "warriors" in Arabic language, especially those who fought in Afghanistan during Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. USA gave weapons and instructors, Pakistan, manpower and bases, and Saudi Arabia, money. Once Russians retired, a factional war (Rabbani-Massoud group against Hekmatyar-Dostam group) broke out and Afghanistan plunged into a civil war. Many Mujahideen then became warlords or bandits until an unification of Afghanistan by Taliban.
alternative words: Najibullah, Dr Najibullah
keywords:
communism
,
famous person
,
statesman
related topics:
Kabul
,
Hafizollah Amin
,
Saur revolution
related web sites:
http://www.afghan-info.com/politbiogr.htm
,
http://www.sabawoon.com/afghanpedia/Personailities.NajibullahMohammad.shtm
explanation: Born in 1947 in a merchant family of Kabul. Active communist student, he was graduated at a medical college. After Saur revolt of 1978, which brought communists into power, he was appointed ambassador in Iran. After an assassination of president Hafizullah Amin in 1979, he became the head of KHAD (Afghan secret service) then the president of Afghanistan in 1986. He took the refuge in UN compound of Kabul when Mujahideen arrived in 1992. He was executed by Taliban in 1996.
alternative words: Osama ben Laden, Usama bin Laden, Ossama bin Laden, Ussama bin Laden, bin Laden, ben Laden
keywords:
famous person
,
islam
,
terrorism
related topics:
Al Qaeda
,
Soviet invasion
related web sites:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/bio.html
,
http://www.msnbc.com/news/564810.asp?0sp=n8b4b4
explanation: Born In Saudi Arabia in 1957 from Yemenite father and Syrian mother. He lost his father at the age 13, who left him a huge fortune. He was graduated at Jeddah university in 1981. During the Soviet occupation, he frequently visited Pakistan to meet Mujahideen leaders then personally engaged in battles. After Soviet withdrawal in 1989, he returned back to Saudi Arabia. During Gulf war, he was asked to keep a law profile. After a sojourn in Sudan between 1991 and 1996, he has been back again in Afghanistan.
This dictionary contains now 51 words.
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